Many wonder if there are risks to using private arrangement donor milk but there are always risks associated with feeding a baby anything other than its own parent’s healthy milk via direct nursing.¹ When considering (private) donor milk, parents are balancing the benefits of optimal nutrition and immunity against the risk of disease transmission. Some argue that even after donors are screened, a small number of 병원체 can still remain in the milk² and that therefore raw donor milk is never safe.³ 하지만, when considering pasteurized milk, there are also risks that need to be evaluated, and in situations where donor milk has been pasteurized, pathogens can (re-) contaminate 우유 (see below).

Informed milksharing ((Donated 모유 is, in most situations, milk expressed and/or stored for her own child. After blood 상영 of donors and education on safe expressing/handling/storing techniques, the risks to milksharing are minimized. To suggest that this milk is not safe for sharing is to suggest that it is not safe for parents to feed their own babies with their expressed milk. We question this line of logic.))
To our knowledge, there are no documented cases of disease transmission or bacterial infection associated with informed milksharing at this point.

Milksharing is also not considered to be a pressing public health risk according to Dr. Chessa Lutter, Regional Advisor on Food and Nutrition for the Pan American Health Association (Regional Office of the WHO) on ‘The Current.’ ⁴

From the interview:

Q:  “Is Eats on Feets sae in the opinion of the World Health Organization? Are they a credible alternative?”
A: “We don’t have a position on this. We focus our efforts on what we consider are the most pressing public health concerns. This has not made it to the top of the list. What I would like to share…”

박사. Chessa Lutter goes on to describe a pediatrician’s positive and privately arranged donor breastmilk experience.

There may be concern regarding the spread of infectious diseases through breastmilk, in particular HIV. The CDC states that HIV and other serious infectious diseases can be transmitted through breastmilk. They also state that the risk of infection from a single bottle of breastmilk, even if someone is HIV positive, is extremely small. For those who do not have HIV or other serious infectious diseases, there is little risk to the child who receives their breastmilk.⁵ 참조하십시오 집에서 모유를 어떻게 저온 살균 할 수 있습니까?? for more information on mitigating the risk of exposure to HIV and other pathogens.

Risk from handling
Some of the risks associated with donor milk are caused by the method used to feed the milk to the baby.⁶ There have been documented cases in hospitals where newborns developed bacterial infections after receiving milk obtained from milk banks and delivered via feeding tubes or artificial nipples. For instance, one outbreak of F. meningosepticum was not from milk but was located on milk bottle stoppers and ‘cleaned’ teats, as well as the ward environment. 박사. 존 메이⁷ identifies four related deaths as a result of 더럽히는 breastmilk in hospitals. Some of these infections appear to have been associated with a single donor, which indicates that there was some cross-contamination that occurred with that particular batch of donor milk. The infections linked to contaminated breastmilk were generally caused by normal bacteria that live on human skin and are by definition not isolated to babies in hospitals. Sick and premature infants are more at risk for these infections. 참조하십시오 Handling of breastmilk for more information on proper handling techniques.

Theoretical risks
While there is a risk of disease transmission, there are other, theoretical, risks of informed milksharing:

• Unwanted contact from adults who seek milk for non-medical needs⁸
• Harassment by donor/recipient
• Possible sabotage by recipient or donor
• Transmission of pathogens that could cause a baby to become sick or die
• Legal action, founded or unfounded, in case of a bad outcome ((Donors may request recipients to provide blood and health screening(s).))

Risk of pasteurized versus raw breastmilk
Sick and premature babies are at risk for neonatal hospital-acquired infections.⁹ In a previous but valuable study on the effect of routine screening of raw human milk and donor milk for premature babies, the authors discuss that while the data clearly document that premature infants fed raw expressed human milk are frequently exposed to large numbers of bacteria, no adverse events directly related to consuming this milk were documented.¹⁰

The lack of anti-infective properties in pasteurized milk can put a baby at risk, especially when a baby is sick or premature. 참조하십시오 What about premature babies? for more information about the effect of heat-treating on breastmilk.

다음: What should I know about appropriate (online) social networking? Is it safe?

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1. Also see Risks and ethics of breastmilk substitutes. ↩︎
2. Ronald S. Cohen, 외. 2009. 잠재적 인간 우유 기증자의 혈청 학적 검사에 대한 후 향적 검토. Screening tests are designed to have a relatively high incidence of false positives in order to prevent any false negatives. While false positives happen to many people, they tend to be higher in those who are pregnant or were recently pregnant. 기부자를 정기적으로 테스트 할 우유 은행의 관점에서, 모든 테스트 기회에서 확인을 추구하는 데 드는 비용은 비영리 조직에 대한 금지가 아니기 때문에 잘못된 긍정적 인 역사를 가진 사람을 배제하는 것이 합리적입니다., 또한 기증자로부터받은 우유에 대한 물류 문제로 이어질 수 있습니다.. This study does not follow up on the actual serological status of those screened but, even per the most optimistic values, it is quite likely that many did not in fact have any current infections. ↩︎
3. Screening tests are designed to have a relatively high incidence of false positives in order to prevent any false negatives. While false positives happen to many people, they can occur more often during pregnancy. 기부자를 정기적으로 테스트 할 우유 은행의 관점에서, 모든 테스트 기회에서 확인을 추구하는 데 드는 비용은 비영리 조직에 대한 금지가 아니기 때문에 잘못된 긍정적 인 역사를 가진 사람을 배제하는 것이 합리적입니다., 또한 기증자로부터받은 우유에 대한 물류 문제로 이어질 수 있습니다.. This study does not follow up on the actual serological status of the subjects but, even per the most optimistic values, it is quite likely that many did not in fact have any current infections. ↩︎
4. The Current. Archived. December 23rd, 2010. Sharing Breast Milk. [Unfortunately, the podcast itself has been lost.] ↩︎
5. 질병통제예방센터 - What to Do if an Infant or Child Is Mistakenly Fed Another Woman’s Expressed Breast Milk ↩︎
6. The same potential infections can occur when breastmilk substitutes are used in the same setting. 또한 참조하십시오 Risks and ethics of breastmilk substitutes. ↩︎
7. 박사. 존 메이, 외. 2005. 라 트로브 테이블 ↩︎
8. Claire Levenson. Archived. Mothers selling breastmilk … to men ↩︎
9. Brenda L. Tesini, MD. 2020. Neonatal Hospital-Acquired Infection. ↩︎
10. Barbara J. Law, 외. 1988. Is Ingestion of Milk-Associated Bacteria by Premature Infants Fed Raw Human Milk Controlled by Routine Bacteriologic Screening? ↩︎