משאב לשיתוף מושכל של חלב אנושי

אדם חלב הוא לתינוקות אנושיים.

במסמך זה, Eats on Feets משתמש בהגדרת WHO של הנקה בלעדית הכוללת הנקה רטובה וחלב תורם.¹ בתמיכה של הנקה בלעדית, שיתוף חלב מושכל הוא אפשרות האכלת תינוקות בטוחה ובת קיימא למשפחות.

Eats on Feets מכיר גם ביתרונות שהזנה ישירה מהשד מעניקה וגם בערך של החלב עצמו. אולי אנחנו, לָכֵן, השתמש במילים הנקה, חלב אם, אדם חלב, חלב, וחלב תורם להחלפה. אנו גם מזהים ומאשרים האכלה בחזה כחלק מספקטרום האכלת התינוק.

יתרונות השד(חלב)האכלה
במסמך קודם של ארגון הבריאות העולמי בשם 'The 10 עובדות על הנקה,’ ארגון הבריאות העולמי קבע כי מחסור בהנקה בלעדית במהלך ששת החודשים הראשונים לחייהם תורם ליותר ממיליון מקרי מוות של ילדים מדי שנה.. ב 2013, it stated that if every child was breastfed within an hour of birth, given only breastmilk for their first six months of life, and continued breastfeeding up to the age of two years, about 220,000 child lives would be saved every year.² ³

Breastfeeding is widely recognized as vital in low and middle-income countries, but health authorities in high-income countries seem to ignore the low breastfeeding rates and the resulting significant short and long-term health issues for mothers and children. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in resource-poor countries. It is estimated that breastfeeding to a near-universal level could prevent 823 000 annual deaths in children under 5 ו 20 000 annual deaths from breast cancer.⁴ Promoting breastfeeding in the United States has the potential to save or delay 720 postneonatal (28 days-1 year) deaths each year.⁵

Private and government insurers spend a minimum of $3.6 billion dollars a year to treat medical conditions and diseases that are preventable by breastfeeding. Since children who are not breastfed have more illnesses, employers incur additional costs for increased health claims, and parents lose more time from work to care for sick children.⁶

Everyone has the right to information about the benefits of breastfeeding and the risks of infant formula. Breastfeeding is the natural and recommended way of feeding all infants, even when infant formula feeding is affordable, מים נקיים זמין, and good hygienic conditions for preparing and feeding infant formula exist. Given the compelling evidence for differences in health outcomes, breastfeeding should be acknowledged as the ביולוגי norm for infant feeding.⁷

Governments and authorities have a responsibility to provide proper breastfeeding information and make available the resources needed to achieve exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a baby’s life and partial breastfeeding from 6 אל 24 חודשים, especially where inequities prevail. Communities, media, and other channels of communication can play a key role in promoting breastfeeding. The use of donor milk from a milk bank and supporting private-arrangement milksharing as a safe and vital way of achieving this goal is another.⁸

גורמים מגן של חלב
Because of its inherent anti-microbial properties, breastmilk can be stored for 8 שעות בטמפרטורת החדר (25ºC/77ºF) and for three days in the fridge (4ºC/39ºF) without any significant increase in the levels of פתוגנים it contains.⁹

Unlike infant formula, fresh human milk contains thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial colonization.¹⁰

Human milk provides protection against many infectious agents through repeated exposure and the total מיקרוביאלית הגנה הניתנת על ידי חלב נראית הרבה יותר מאשר יכול להיות מוסבר על ידי בחינת גורמי הגנה בנפרד. The antimicrobial potential of human milk is most likely underestimated and רכיבים are still being identified.¹¹ ¹² ¹³

For premature infants, donor milk feedings are associated with a decrease in Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and this can only be attributed to the unique אימונולוגי המאפיינים של חלב.¹⁴

While pasteurized human milk is more beneficial than artificial infant formula, a strong case can be made for feeding premature infants fresh, unpasteurized human milk.¹⁵ An older but valuable study on human milk and bacteria documented routine סכיכה של חלב אם גולמי וחלב תורם עבור פגים והראה כי בעוד שפגים הניזונים מחלב אם גולמי גולמי נחשפים לעתים קרובות למספר גדול של חיידקים טבעיים, לא נצפה תופעות לוואי הקשורות באופן ישיר לצריכת חלב זה תועדו.¹⁶ כאשר משווים תינוקות הניזונים מחלב תורם, פורמולה לפגים, או חלב של מישהו, היתרונות של דיאטה בלעדית של חלב של מישהו משלו עבור הפג שלהם כוללים פחות אירועים הקשורים לזיהום וקיצור בית חולים.¹⁷

אפשר להגיד את זה בכל חלק של העולם, לאף אמצעי ילדים בודד אין פוטנציאל כה נרחב ודרמטי לבריאות הילד כמו הנקה.¹⁸

יתרונות פיזיים של ההנקה¹⁹
פעולת ההנקה מקדמת צמיחה נאותה ופיתוח עצמות ושרירים, כְּלוֹמַר. התפתחות תקינה של הלסת והפנים אשר מפחיתה הן דלקות אוזניים והן בעיות נשיכה. זה גם מחזק את פִיסִיוֹלוֹגִי נשימה באף של היילוד במהלך ואחרי מציצת חלב אם, הימנעות מנשימת פה. לכל זה יש השפעה מונעת על התפתחות החסימות. פעולת ההנקה קשורה באופן חיובי גם להתפתחות קשתות שיניים נכונות.²⁰ ²¹ ²²

היבט חשוב נוסף של האכלה בשד הוא הרוק של התינוק, מגיבה עם חלב אם, מייצר מי חמצן ומספק צמיחה נוקלאוטיד מבשרים. במילים אחרות, חלב אם מייצר שילוב של מעורר ו מעכב מטבוליטים that regulate early oral and gut מיקרוביוטה when mixed with saliva.²³

The skin-to-skin transference of bacteria that breastfeeding provides also helps babies acquire the beneficial bacteria to protect them from diseases and builds their immune system. Approximately ten percent of the bacteria introduced to an infant is from the skin around the areola.²⁴

The specificity of bacteria in the infant’s gut is associated with feeding practices. Some bacteria may be reduced when a baby is not able to feed at the breast. עם זאת, there are ways to optimize feeding one’s own milk and/or using donor milk at the breast. With motivation, support, and guidance, שילובים של שיטות האכלה אפשריים לייעל היבטים מועילים הן של האכלת חלב אם והן בהאכלה בשד. זה נאמר, כל כמות של חלב אם מועילה – גם אם רק לפרק זמן קצר, גם אם אין מציצות מהחזה. ((איך אוכל להאכיל את התינוק שלי בחלב?)) ((משאבים עבור תמיכה)) מגע פיזי בין עור לעור וקרבה גופנית לכל האכלה מספקים גם הרפיה הן להורה/המטפל והן לילד בשל ההשפעות של אוקסיטוצין.²⁵

יתרונות בריאותיים לטווח ארוך
כמה יתרונות לטווח ארוך שנחקרו הם שיעורים נמוכים יותר של השמנת יתר (10% הפחתה בשכיחות של עודף משקל או השמנת יתר בילדים שנחשפו למשכי הנקה ארוכים יותר), סוּג 1 וסוג 2 סוכרת, לַחַץ יֶתֶר (אפקט מגן קטן של הנקה מפני לחץ דם סיסטולי), מחלות לב וכלי דם, היפרליפידמיה (results do not support a long-term programming effect of breastfeeding on blood ליפידים), and some types of cancer (For every 12 months someone breastfeeds, the risk of breast cancer dropped 4.3 percent.).²⁶ ²⁷ ²⁸

These studies are typically confounded by many factors, including socio-economics and inequities, but the benefits of breastfeeding always need to be evaluated against the risks of not breastfeeding. To say that breastfeeding and/or human milk improve something is a distortion of sorts. שד(חלב)feeding is normative. It is better to acknowledge that not breastfeeding causes harm and that no matter how someone needs to feed their baby for various reasons, human milk can and should be a part of this.

Meta-analysis of studies on cognitive performance suggests that breastfeeding is associated with increased performance in intelligence tests in childhood and adolescence. Breastfeeding promotes brain development, particularly white matter growth.²⁹ Some pathways for the beneficial effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development results from the presence of certain essential long-chain חומצות שומן בחלב, particularly arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These favor the cerebral cortex and retina and accumulate during the last trimester from the placenta and during the first year of life. Infants can synthesize neither AA nor DHA.³⁰

Economic benefits
The absence of breastfeeding not only affects short and long-term health outcomes. It also has a financial toll on the economy. When evaluating the cost of not breastfeeding, Melissa Bartick, ואח', conclude that all costs were significantly lower under optimal breastfeeding conditions, with the exception of pre-menopausal ovarian cancer and acute lymphatic leukemia. These costs were qualified into 4 mutually exclusive categories: direct medical costs, indirect medical costs, indirect non-medical costs, and premature maternal death costs. בארצות הברית, the cost of a lack of breastfeeding in 2014 was 3.0 billion dollars for total medical costs, 1.3 billion for non-medical costs, ו 14.2 billion for premature maternal deaths.³¹ ³²

Environmental benefits

Coming soon

Medicinal uses of human milk
In addition to its long and short-term biological, פִיסִיוֹלוֹגִי, and economic benefits, a growing body of research is showing the amazing disease-killing and healing properties of human milk. Human milk contains multipotent stem cells, stem cells that can be reprogrammed to form many types of human tissues. This is especially important for further regenerative therapies, tissue culture techniques, and gene therapy. The presence of these cells in human milk suggests that milk could be an alternative source of stem cells for a patient’s own stem cell therapy. Isolating stem cells from human milk is a simpler and less invasive technique than extracting them from organs. חלב בוסר is especially rich in stem cells.³³ ³⁴ ³⁵ ³⁶

Human milk is also being researched in the context of skin warts and cancer. A protein in human milk called alpha-lactalbumin, when processed with oleic acid (simply put) forms a compound called alpha-lactalbumin-oleic acid. When this compound was applied topically to skin warts of people who were not responding to conventional treatment, there was an 82% in wart reduction. With time, כל נגעים resolved completely in most of the patients who received alpha-lactalbumin–oleic acid (83 percent), and these patients were still free of lesions at the two-year follow-up. This raises hope it might also prove effective against cervical cancer and other lethal diseases caused by the same virus.³⁷

The effect of α-lactalbumin–oleic acid on tumor cells was discovered by chance when researchers were studying the antibacterial properties of human milk. כְּפָר קָטָן, which is the same human protein-derived alpha-lactalbumin but with the addition of ‘made-lethal-to-tumor-cells’ induces apoptosis-like death in tumor cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. Patients with cancer of the bladder who were treated with the substance excreted dead cancer cells in their urine after each treatment.³⁸ ³⁹ ⁴⁰

לבסוף, studies showed that HAMLET also has direct bactericidal activity against some bacteria. The findings suggest that maybe HAMLET can be used where antibiotics fail due to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health concern and hopefully, further research in this area will contribute to novel treatment options.⁴¹

It has to be noted that HAMLET does not occur in human milk. HAMLET is a lab-altered human milk protein. Drinking human milk may or may not have beneficial properties for adults, but it may also have risks for the immuno-compromised, like CMV.⁴² While breastfeeding a child for six months or longer has been associated with a lower risk for childhood cancer compared to children who had been breastfed for less time or not at all, this is most likely due to the age-appropriate immuno-developing properties of human milk and the metabolic processes in the infant. The adult gut has a higher pH than that of babies. Adults need a much bigger variety of food in order to obtain all the essential nutrients.

החשיבות של פעולת ההנקה
Finally, the benefits of breastfeeding are beyond its product, את החלב. They are beyond providing nutrition to one’s child for optimal health, צמיחה, and development. The time spent between lactating parent and child when breastfeeding is also vital to the development of a bonded relationship. It provides an opportunity to interact and connect – or more accurately, it demands it, in a way that is not a given when bottle feeding. Although breastfeeding duration is only one of many factors associated with maternal abuse and neglect, it does offer a protective effect that is higher than in situations where an infant is not breastfed.⁴³

בני אדם היילוד נולדו במצב חסר אונים ולהמשיך בפיתוחם לאחר הלידה. הטיפוח מחבק של הנקה לחקות את החיבוק של הרחם שהתינוק חווה ברחם. לאור זאת, the method a parent or caregiver uses to provide donor milk to a baby is thus also very important.⁴⁴

As Dr. בריאן פאלמר, DDS said: Breathing well, sleeping well, and breastfeeding infants are three key ingredients to good health, feeling better, and reducing healthcare costs for everyone – including insurance companies and governments.

הבא: ארגון הבריאות העולמי הנחיות למימוש האופציות האכלה

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